What Is Oral Cancer? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
Oral cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the mouth, including the lips, tongue, cheeks, gums, floor of the mouth, and the roof of the mouth. It is a serious health condition that, if not detected early, can spread to other parts of the body and become life-threatening. However, with early detection and treatment, the chances of recovery are much higher.
Causes of Oral Cancer
Oral cancer occurs when cells in the mouth mutate and grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. There are several factors that can increase the risk of developing oral cancer:
- Tobacco Use – Smoking cigarettes, cigars, or using chewing tobacco is one of the biggest risk factors for oral cancer.
- Excessive Alcohol Consumption – Drinking large amounts of alcohol regularly increases the risk.
- HPV Infection – Human Papillomavirus (HPV), especially HPV-16, has been linked to oral cancer.
- Poor Oral Hygiene – Not taking care of oral health can lead to infections and other issues that increase cancer risk.
- Excessive Sun Exposure – Prolonged exposure to the sun, especially without protection, can lead to lip cancer.
- Unhealthy Diet – A diet lacking in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of oral cancer.
- Weakened Immune System – People with a weakened immune system may be more prone to oral cancer.
Symptoms of Oral Cancer
Oral cancer can sometimes be difficult to detect in its early stages because symptoms may seem minor. However, some common signs include:
- Persistent mouth sores that do not heal
- Red or white patches inside the mouth
- A lump or thickening in the cheek or other areas of the mouth
- Pain or difficulty in swallowing
- Hoarseness or changes in the voice
- Persistent sore throat
- Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
- Loose teeth or pain in the jaw
- Numbness in the tongue or other areas of the mouth
- Swelling in the neck
If you notice any of these symptoms lasting more than two weeks, you should consult a doctor or dentist immediately.
Diagnosis of Oral Cancer
If oral cancer is suspected, a doctor will perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis:
- Physical Examination – The doctor checks for lumps, sores, and other abnormalities in the mouth and throat.
- Biopsy – A small tissue sample is taken from the affected area and examined under a microscope.
- Imaging Tests – CT scans, MRI scans, or X-rays may be used to determine the extent of the cancer.
- Endoscopy – A small camera is inserted into the mouth or throat to examine the deeper tissues.
Treatment of Oral Cancer
The treatment of oral cancer depends on its stage and location. Common treatment options include:
- Surgery – If the cancer is detected early, doctors may perform surgery to remove the tumor and affected tissues.
- Radiation Therapy – High-energy radiation is used to destroy cancer cells and stop their growth.
- Chemotherapy – Strong medicines are used to kill cancer cells, usually when cancer has spread beyond the mouth.
- Targeted Therapy – Certain medications are used to target cancer cells without harming normal cells.
- Immunotherapy – Boosts the body’s immune system to help fight cancer cells more effectively.
Prevention of Oral Cancer
While not all cases of oral cancer can be prevented, there are several steps you can take to reduce the risk:
- Avoid tobacco in all forms
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Maintain good oral hygiene by brushing and flossing daily
- Eat a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables
- Protect lips from excessive sun exposure by using lip balm with SPF
- Get vaccinated against HPV
- Visit the dentist regularly for check-ups and early detection
Oral cancer is a serious condition that can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early. However, by being aware of the symptoms, reducing risk factors, and seeking medical attention when needed, you can significantly improve your chances of preventing and overcoming this disease. Regular dental check-ups and a healthy lifestyle play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and overall well-being.
